英语角 » ♡.实用英语﹎♡ » 高分作文写作要领——四大写作要领

高分作文写作要领——四大写作要领 (6/13715)

本帖地址: 复制地址

修改回帖引用楼主： SunShine

高分作文写作要领——衔接自然过渡流畅

汉语和英语都要求内容的统一与段落的连贯，但是二者在实现手段上有着明显的差别。汉语语法是隐性的，段落连贯主要依靠语义手段，词的重复与句子的排比，以意念为核心，靠内在的逻辑关系，通过意思和重复来衔接，忽视语法手段，尤其是过渡词语的使用。而英语语法则是显性的，段落的连贯既依赖于思维结构一致的逻辑关系，更依赖于丰富的衔接手段，如使用过渡词语、运用关键词的重复、利用过渡句、人称照应与指示照应及词汇衔接手段等。英语文章不仅句子之间要通过衔接手段表达复杂的关系，而且段落之间也要用复杂的衔接手段承上启下。

　　　　　 A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (2004.6 CET-4)
　　Good morning, ladies and gentleman, welcome to Beijing! To begin with, I would like to introduce myself. I am a tourist guide from China Travel Service and it's my great honor to stay here with all of you for a whole day. Just as the old saying goes, "It is always a pleasure to greet a friend from afar", I wish all of you enjoy yourselves during this trip.
　　The following is today's schedule. The first spot we are going to visit is the Great Wall, the grandest fortification in ancient China. The next sight is the Ming Tombs, which is one of the bestpreserved tombs for 13 emperors in the Ming Dynasty more than one thousand years ago. In the afternoon, we will go for the Summer Palace, the royal park for Chinese ancient emperors.
　　Currently we are on the way to the Great Wall. Dating back to the seven century B.C., the Great Wall is constructed by respective states for fortifying against invasion of neighboring states. By the reasons of long history and its length, it becomes one of the eight wonders in the world and represents the highest wisdom and crafts. From the top of the Great Wall, we can enjoy a magnificent view of continuous mountains, green trees and blooming wild flowers. It is no doubt that one says, "He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man."
　　Above is my introduction to the Great Wall. If any of you have questions, please feel free to ask me at any time.

在本文中，作者运用了多种手段衔接语篇，达到内容的统一和段落的连贯：
1. 过渡词语：The following，the first spot，the next sight, in the afternoon (第二段)
2. 关键词的重复：the Great Wall 在第三段中出现四次，紧紧围绕介绍长城的主题。
3. 利用过渡句：Above is my introduction to the Great Wall. (第四段)这一句承上启下，自然转入结尾。
4. 指示照应：it (the Great Wall) (第三段)的使用使句子更为简洁，符合英语的写作习惯。

高分作文写作要领——逻辑严谨内容连贯

        无论是英语还是汉语，文章都要求条理清楚，思路清晰，意思明确，表达连贯。但是，英语与汉语在段落的安排上，还是有一些差别的。大多数英语文章的思路遵循演绎式，呈总-分-总或总-分结构；在段落内部的组织上，英语的段落要求一段一意，即"单一性原则"。而很多汉语文章的思路遵循归纳式，呈分-总结构，汉语的段落没有严格的要求，可以一段多意或一意多段，性之所至，挥洒自如。
　　
例证分析：

              A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus
                                                                       (2002.1 CET-4 & CET-6)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          January 12th,2002
Dear Mr.President,

　　I am an ordinary undergraduate majoring in Chinese in our university. My name is Li Ming. Since our university holds about 10,000 undergraduates and 2,000 postgraduates, the three meals in daily life become the most urgent concern. I'm obliged to write to you about the canteen service on campus. (表明目的，提出主题)

　　Every coin has its two sides, so does the canteen service. As is known to all, the canteen was redecorated last month. Now it becomes magnificent both inside and outside. We are bathed in pleasure and pride in such striking architecture. To be frank, foods and dishes of higher quality are available. Besides, the services are also improved. At the same time, the prices have risen so considerably that they have aggravated the poorer students' burden. A few of my classmates who come from the remote mountainous areas have to feed chiefly on staple food. In the long run it will do a great harm to their health and even hinder their studies. We agree that a university canteen should not aim at earning money by means of raising prices. In my opinion, the canteen should try to lower the cost so as to serve all the students. (反映情况，指明问题)

　　Such is the truth about the canteen service on campus. In this way you will have a clear idea of the work concerned. I am looking forward to your reply. (呼应主题，表达希望)

                                                                                                                                                         Yours sincerely,
                                                                                                                                                         Li Ming

　　本文一开始即自我介绍，然后直入主题，说明写信的目的是反映有关食堂的问题；接着作者在第二段从几个角度反映情况，既有表扬也有批评，包括其装修、饭菜质量、服务质量和价格问题。结尾段，作者呼应主题，并表达建议和希望。这篇作文思路清晰，内容连贯，逻辑严谨，首尾呼应，是典型的总-分-总结构。

　　在英语写作中，中国学生应该有意识地采用英语思维方式，按照演绎式组织段落，段落内部要遵守单一性原则，按照时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑关系、重要性排序或对比、比较、分类、说明等手段，以主题句-扩展句-结论句组织段落，达到表达清晰、逻辑严谨、内容连贯的目标。

高分作文写作要领——开门见山点明主题

由于英语的思维模式是直线式，在表达上遵循从一般到具体，从整体到个体，从中心思想到例证演绎说明的原则，因此英语文章往往开门见山，在开头点明主题，吸引读者，即首先用熟悉的事实、观点、名言、引言等开头，然后直接表明文章的主旨，即使是记叙文亦不例外。例如，A Letter to a Schoolmate (2001.6 CET-4 & CET-6)一文的开头段：

　　I'm delighted to learn that you are going to visit me during the weeklong vacation. My parents will also be happy to see you again, and I'm sure you will enjoy every minute here.

　　本文开头，作者并没有按照汉语习惯寒暄问候，再切入正题，而是直接表达了自己及父母对同学来访的欢迎，语言简练，目的明确。

　　而汉语文章则大多数将中心思想放在文章结尾，开头段作者并不明确表明主题，随着文章的深入，事实的积累，条分缕析，到结尾段作者才点明主题。思维方式属于归纳式，在表达上习惯于先分后总，从部分到整体，从原因到结果，或者按照事件的时间顺序从先到后，发展文章段落。这种思维方式与行文习惯对中国学生写英语文章产生了严重的干扰，其直接影响是：许多同学的英语作文，在开头不能点明主题，在外面绕圈子，浪费了大量的笔墨与文字，却让人不得要领，不知所云。这是中国学生应该避免的问题。例如下段：

　　First of all, I want to introduce myself to you. I'm an English Major student. I'm in Class six, Grade two. I had something to tell you. It's about our student's dinning condition. I really disappointed with the canteen's dinning.
　　
在这一段中，作者先用四句话绕圈子，然后才触及主题 the canteen。我们将原文与改后的下文比较，可以看出它们的优劣：

　　I am an English sophomore in Class 0306.I write to report to you some disappointing problems about our dinning condition.

高分作文写作要领——比例匀称首尾呼应

    大学英语四、六级考试写作部分要求学生在30分钟的时间内写出一篇120或150字左右的短文。如果每句话平均10-12字左右，整篇作文平均大约12句话。如何组织这12句话，保持整体结构的合理、匀称，服务于主题，是考生首先应该考虑的问题。一般而言，文章的主体段的篇幅应该占到70％左右，开头段与结尾段应该各占30％左右，避免头重脚轻或头轻脚重，以保持比例平衡。

　　英语和汉语的文章结尾段都注重概括全文，照应开头。两者又略有区别，汉语的文章结尾往往比较严肃，尤其是议论文经常采用诉诸感情的手段，引用名言甚至口号结尾，以激起读者的共鸣，说教性较强；而英语文章的结尾比较轻松，往往通过引言、反问、故事、建议、分析、归纳和概括等手段深化主题，首尾呼应。因此，中国学生在写英语作文中，应自觉避免汉语思维的负面影响，避免使用命令句或祈使句的教训式或口号式内容，避免加入个人倾向，尽可能以客观的角度，通过论证、分析，得出令人信服的结论，证明观点的正确。
　
例证分析：
                            A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction
                                                                              (2004.6 CET-4)
　　Welcome, everyone, I am glad that you can come to Pingyao County, where there is the oldest Confucius temple. It was opened to the public Monday after a one-year renovation project.(31∶240 = 13%)
　　I hope you could appreciate the spot indeed. First, I will show you the main building of the temple, and it's the most interesting spot here. Second, we can walk around to see the other area of the spot. Meanwhile I will introduce you the history of the temple.
　　The main building of the temple was built in 1163,in the Yuan Dynasty, so it has a history of more than 840 years. Now I give you a brief introduction on the time-honored temple. Compared with other famous Confucius temples nationwide, it was built 248 years earlier than that in Beijing, and 317 years earlier than that in Qufu City, Confucius's hometown in Shandong Province. The temple in Qufu was added to the list of the World Cultural Heritages in 1995.The Pingyao Confucius Temple has China's largest statue collection of Confucius and famous ancient Confucian scholars. Covering a total area of 40,000 square meters, the temple has 112 buildings in 16 categories. That is the history of the temple. While visiting it after a while, I'll tell you more about it.(182∶240 = 75%)
　　If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to let me know and I'll sincerely serve all of you. I really wish you a happy day here.(27∶240 = 12%)

　　在本文中，开头段、主体段和结尾段的分配比较合理，重点突出，详略得当，75％的文字(第二、三段)用于说明行程、介绍景点，而且首尾呼应，Welcome, everyone, I am glad that you can come to Pingyao County, where there is the oldest Confucius temple.与结尾段 I really wish you a happy day here.遥相呼应，令人感到亲切、自然。

SunShine (294557704) 于 2008-10-09 12:37:57 对此贴进行了编辑
SunShine (294557704) 于 2008-10-09 12:39:20 对此贴进行了编辑
SunShine (294557704) 于 2008-10-09 12:43:42 对此贴进行了编辑